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  • Oct 12, 2007

    高中英语阅读、写作基本功训练教程--难句突破及写作基础

    分类于：综合论文,Tag：英语 论文 高中 阅读 写作 难句突破 写作基础

    高中英语阅读、写作基本功训练教程
    难句突破及写作基础

    一、独立主格结构
    独立主格结构是一种复合结构，在句中作状语，分别表示时间，原因，条件，方式、伴随状况以及对比、补充说明等。在独立主格结构中，名词或代词同其后的分词、不定式、形容词、副词、介词短语等在逻辑上有主谓关系。
    1.名词或代词+分词：
    a.It being Sunday, you needn't go to school.
    b.This done, he locked the door and went to bed.
    c.He sat in front of them, his dusty face masking his age.
    2.名词或代词+不定式：
      a.I send you today three fourths of the sum, the rest to follow within a month.
    b.The two parties reached an agreement on basic principles, the details to be ironed out (调解) later.
    3.名词或代词+形容词：
      a.The floor wet and slippery, we stay outside.
    b.The children were watching the acrobatic show, their eyes wide open
    4.名词或代词+副词：
      a.School over, the students streamed out of the class.
    b.Dinner over, the family scattered to their various haunts.
    5.名词或代词+介词短语：
      a.They came out of the classroom, hand in hand.
    b.The teacher entered the classroom, a ruler under his arm.
    6. There + being +…
    a.There being no taxis, we had to walk home.
    b.There having been no rain, the ground was dry.
    7.With/without + 复合宾语：
    1)with+名词+分词
        这种结构在英语中可称为“分词复合结构”。它在句中可作定语或状语。在科技文章中常用来对句子或某个成分作补充说明。
    a.If something is moving, with nothing touching it, it will go on forever，coasting at a uniform speed in a straight line．
       正在运动的某一物体，如果没有受到任何外力触动，它将永远继续做匀速直线运动。(条件状语)
    b.The light we see，with its colors ranging from deep red to deep violet，serves us in our daily lives．
        我们看到的从深红色到深紫色的光，在日常生活中为我们服务。(作非限定性定语，修饰light)
    c.With more experimenting being doing every year，much of photosythesis will certainly be known before very long．
        随着每年所进行的实验增多，可以肯定，不久将会对光合作用了解得更多。(条件状语)
    d.The article deals with microwaves，with particular attention being paid to radio location．
        这篇文章是研究微波的，其中特别注意无线电定位问题。(with...location是分词复合结构,在句中作补充说明)
    e.The bottom layer is solid bedrock，with its upper edges slowly decomposing，or decaying，and flaking off．   
    --1--
    底层是坚硬的基岩，它最上面的边缘在慢慢地分解、腐蚀和剥落。(非限定性定语，修饰solid bedrock)   
     f.Ice，of relative density 0.9，floats in water with ninetenth submerged．
      冰的相对密度为0．9，它浮在水面上时，9／10淹没在水里。(方式方法状语)
    2)with+名词+介词
      a.Maxwell pointed out that an object may be hot without the motion in it being visible．
        麦克斯韦指出，即使看不见物体内部的分子运动，物体也可能是热的。(让步状语)
      b.Under a microscope，a cell looks like a bit of clear jelly with a thin wall round it．
        在显微镜下，细胞看上去如一滴透明的胶状物体，周围有一层很薄的壁。(with...it作定语
    用来修饰jelly)   
      c.Mechanics is that branch of physical science which considers the motion of bodies，with rest as
    a special case of motion．
        力学是物理学的一个分支，它研究物体的运动，而把静止看成是运动的一种特殊情况
    (with引出的复合结构起补充说明作用)
      d.Carbon，with 6 protons and 6 neutrons in its nucleus，has 6 electrons．
        碳有6个电子，而在其原子核内尚有6个质子和6个中子。(with 6 protons...in...用来对
    carbon作补充说明，有非限定定语意味。)
      e.The rocket engine，with its steady roar like that of a waterfall or a thunderstorm，is an
    impressive symbol of the new space age．
        火箭发动机以其类似于瀑布或大雷雨的持续轰鸣给人以深刻印象，成为太空新时代的象
    征。(with...roar like...是非限定性定语，修饰engine)
      f.In each case the crystals，small or large，are naturally bounded by square or rectangular
    crystal faces of different sizes，but with each face always at right angles to each adjacent face．
        在每种情况下，各个晶体不论大小都是天然地由一些正方形的或矩形的晶面作为自己的
    界面，这些晶面大小不一，但每一晶面总是垂直于每一相邻面。(with...face...at...是复合结
    构，作定语，修饰crystal faces)
    3)with+名词+形容词
      a.We have discussed fluorescence，which is sensitive to radiations with energies equal to
    or greater than those of visible photons．   
        我们已经讨论过荧光，荧光对等于或大于可见光光子能量的辐射是很敏感的。(with+名词
    +形容词的复合结构，起定语作用，修饰radiations)
      b.In simple harmonic motion，where there is no damping，the energy of the vibrating patticle
    changes from kinetic to potential and back，with the total energy constant．
        在没有阻力的简谐运动中，振动质点的能量由动能变为势能，或由势能变为动能，但总能量不变。(with+名词十形容词的复合结构在句中有结果状语的意味。)
      c.An uncharged obiect contains a large number of atoms，each of which normally contains an equal number of electrons and protons，but with some electrons temporarily free from atoms．
        不带电的物体含有大量原子，每个原子通常含有等量的电子和质子，但是有一些电子暂时
        脱离了原子的束缚。(with+名词+形容词的复合结构，对句子起补充说明作用。)
      d.And with water present the chances of finding some sort of life on Mars are much brighter．
        由于水的存在，在火星上找到某种生命的可能性的前景就光明得多了。(with water present作原因状语)
    4)with+名词+动词不定式
      a.In outer space，with no swaddling atmosphere to diffuse it，sunlight is infinitely more powerful
    --2--
    than on earth．
       在外层空间，由于没有大气保护层对阳光的保护作用，那里的阳光要比地球上强烈得多。(swaddling“襁褓”，这里有“保护”的含义。with引出的复合结构用做原因状语)
    b.At present，about 80 different metals are known to man．But with so many metals to choose from，the question arises：which metal shall we use?
        目前，人们已知的金属大约有80种。由于有这么多的金属可供选择，于是便产生了一个
    问题：我们将采用哪种金属呢?(with引出的复合结构用做原因状语)

    练习：分析下列句子结构然后翻译成汉语：
    1.You can already buy small video telephones, with builtin-screen and camera, that transmit still images over regular telephone lines to anyone else with a video telephone.
    2.The scientific worker attempts to formulate these problems in accurate terms and to solve them in the light of all the relevant facts that can be collected by observation and experiment.
    3.The atom is analogous to a miniature solar system, with a nucleus as the "sun" and electrons as the "planets" revolving in orbits around the nucleus
    点拨与答案：
    1.现在已能买到小型的电视电话机，机上装有屏幕和摄像机，可以通过平常的电话线把静止的图像传送给任何一个有电视电话的人。(with...cameras用做独立定语，修饰telephones)
    2.科学工作者力图精确地描述这些问题，然后根据通过观察和实验收集到的有关事实来解决这些问题。(介词短语in accurate terms作方式方法状语，说明to fonnulate。in the light...experiment
      作方式方法状语，说明to solve)
    3.原子类似于一个小型太阳系，原子核可看做“太阳”，电子可看做是沿轨道绕着核旋转的“行星”。(analogous to，“与……相似”。with a nucleus as...，and (with) electrons as...是

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     


    二、句子的类型
        (一) 句子按其结构划分，可分为简单句(Simple Sentence)、并列句(Compound Sentence)、复合句(Complex Sentence)和并列复合句(Compound Complex Sentence)四种类型。
    1. 简单句
        简单句是只含有一个独立分句的句子。简单句内只有一套主语和谓语结构。在这套结构中可以有并列的主语。，也可以有并列的谓语动词。例如：
    ⑴He sang． 
    他唱歌。
    ⑵He and she sang． 
    他和她唱歌。
    ⑶He sang and danced． 
    他又唱歌又跳舞。
    ⑷He and she sang and danced． 
    他和她又唱歌又跳舞。
    注：主语和谓语是简单句的主要成分。此外，句中还可以有一些别的成分，如补语、宾语、定语、状语等。
    2. 并列句
    并列句是含有两个或两个以上独立分句的句子。并列句内有两套或两套以上主语和谓语结构。这些独立分句之间的关系是并列关系。例如：
    ⑴This is me and these are my friends． 
    这是我，这些是我的朋友。
    ⑵Fish must stay in water，or they will die．
    鱼必须呆在水里，否则就会死亡。
    ⑶It's not cheap，but it's very good． 
    这东西不便宜，但却很好。
    3. 复合句
    复合句是含有一个主句和一个或一个以上从句的句子。从句在句中作为一个成分从属于主句。从句与从句之间可能有并列关系。每一个从句本身又可能作为另一个或几个从句的主句，因此，就构成重叠的、从句套从句的、十分复杂的句子。例如：
    ⑴She loves her dog as a mother loves her child． 
    她爱狗犹如母爱子。
    (主句是She loves her dog，从句是as a mother loves her child。)
    ⑵There's a professor who presents the material in the most interesting way and who enjoys what he teaches．
    有一位教授将他提供的讲稿讲得非常有趣，他也从中获得乐趣。
    (There's a professor是主句，who presents the material in the most interesting way和who enjoys what he teaches是两个并列的定语从句，其中的what he teaches在第二个定语从句中充当宾语，是个宾语从句。)
    ⑶John Smith，who was the owner of that house in which he had lived for twenty years and which he would sell for one thousand dollars，was a friend of my uncle．
    约翰·史密斯是我叔叔的朋友，他是那个房子的房主，他在那里已经住了20年了，要把房子以1000美元的价格卖掉。
    (这句话有一个主句,三个从句。主句是John Smith was a friend of my uncle，第一个从句who was the owner of that house充当定语，修饰John Smith；第二个从句in which he had lived for twenty years和第三个从句which he would sell for one thousand dollars是并列的，共同修饰第一个从句中的house。)
    注：引导从句的关联词共有7类：
    1)从属连词：if，because，although，as等
    2)疑问代词：who，which，whom，what，whose
    3)疑问副词：when，where，how，why
    4)关系代词：who，whom，whose，which，that
    5)关系副词：when，where，why
    6)缩合连接代词：what，whatever，who，whoever，whichever
    7)缩合连接副词：when，where，why，whether (if)  
    4. 并列复合句
    并列复合句是并列句与复合句的组合。在一个并列复合句中有两个或两个以上的主句和一个或一个以上的从句。这两个或两个以上的主句构成并列关系，一个或一个以上的从句和某一个或几个主句构成主从关系。例如：
    ⑴I came to the conclusion that these strangers were swindlers and I rang the police station right away．
    我得出了结论：这些陌生人是骗子。于是，我立刻打电话到警察局。
    (这句中有两个并列的主句，它们是I came to the Conclusion和I rang the police station right away。that these strangers were swindlers是一个同位语从句，做conelusion的同位语。)
    ⑵The teacher asked Tom many questions which aren't difficult to answer，but he made no response，either because he was too nervous or (because)he purposely acted as if he were ignorant．
    老师问了汤姆许多不难回答的问题，但是他一点反应都没有，这也许因为他太紧张，也许(因为)他故意装作不懂。
    (这句中有两个主句和四个从句。两个主句分别是The teacher asked Tom many questions和he made no response。第一个从句which aren't difficult to answer是个定语从句，修饰第一个主句中的questions。第二个从句because he was too nervous和第三个从句(because)he purposely acted as if he were ignorant是并列的，用作状语，说明第二个主句中make no response的原因。第四个从句as if he were ignorant是套在第三个从句内的，也用作状语， 说明acted的方式。)
    (二) 英语基本句型
    1. 主语+动词+主语补足语(又称表语)
    该句型中的动词被称为连系动词，它们用以表明主语所处的状态，如appear，continue，hold，keep，rest，ring，smell，stay，taste等，或从一种状态转变为另一种状态，如come，emerge，fall，make，英语字母代号为SVC(S=subject，V=predicate verb，C=complement)。例如：
        ⑴The door banged shut． 
          门砰的一声关上了。
        ⑵The weather is continuing mild． 
          天气一直很温暖。
        ⑶It is very sultry today． 
          今天很闷热。
        ⑷This is he． 
          这就是他。
        ⑸The baby seems asleep． 
          婴儿看来睡着了。
        ⑹The fire is burning low． 
          火烧得不旺。
        ⑺The sun shone bright. 
          明媚的阳光照耀着。
        ⑻He blushed scarlet． 
          他羞得满脸通红。
        ⑼The plan sounds perfect． 
          这项计划听起来十全十美。
        ⑽The children are going hungry． 
          孩子们在挨饿。
        ⑾Mark appears upset． 
          马克显得有点不高兴。
        ⑿Bob's explanation doesn't ring true． 
          鲍勃的解释听起来不真实。
        ⒀His jokes fell flat． 
          他讲的笑话并不可笑。
        ⒁Dan's hair is wearing thin． 
          丹的头发正变得越来越稀少。
        ⒂This room smells misty． 
          房间里有股霉味儿。
        ⒃The television is still on． 
          电视还在开着。
        ⒄That seems of no importance． 
          那看起来并不重要。
        ⒅For a bridge to collapse like that is unbelievable．
          一座桥像那样坍塌下来令人难以置信。
    2. 主语+动词+状语
    在大部分英语句子中，动词可用副词修饰，也可不用副词修饰，但在有些句子中，有些动词必须有副词修饰，否则句子意思就不完整，即：在这种句型中，状语成分必不可少。英语字母代号为SVA。例如：
        ⑴We trudged wearily up the hill．
          我们疲乏地跋涉上山。(不可说：We trudged．)
        ⑵They often behaved contemptuously towards their neighbors．
          他们经常傲慢地对待邻居。(不可说：They often behaved towards their neighbors．)
        ⑶Shakespeare lived in the 16th century．
          莎士比亚生活在16世纪。(不可说: Shakespeare lived．)
        ⑷The train leaves at ten．
          火车十点钟开。(不可说：The train leaves．)
        ⑸They are staying in the White Swan Hotel．
          他们住在白天鹅宾馆。(不可说：They are staying．)
        其他的例子还有很多。例如：
        ⑹The road begins in Beijing． 
          这条路始于北京。
        ⑺The lawn goes all the way around the house． 
          房屋四周有草坪。
        ⑻Dorothy is remaining at Oxford． 
          多罗西还在牛津。
        ⑼All roads lead to Rome． 
          条条道路通罗马。
        ⑽The sentence reads clearly． 
          这个句子读起来清晰。
        ⑾The book translates well． 
          这本书译得好。
        ⑿My teapot pours without spilling． 
          我的茶壶倒茶不漏。
        上述诸例表明，构成“主语+动词+状语”结构中的谓语动词一般是不及物动词。而状语则使句子在形式和内容上得以完整。
    3. 主语+动词
        该句型中的动词为完全不及物动词，没有宾语，也无需补足语。英语字母代号为SV。例如：
        ⑴Money talks． 
          有钱能使鬼推磨。
        ⑵The telephone rang． 
          电话铃响了。
        ⑶Robert was laughing． 
          罗伯特在笑。
        ⑷His father might have died． 
          他父亲可能去世了。
        ⑸The bank has closed． 
          银行关门了。
        ⑹Then a difiicult problem arose． 
          后来出现了一个难题。
        ⑺The room soon filled． 
          房间很快就满了。
        ⑻The son gave in. 
          儿子让步了。
        ⑼The book will sell． 
          这本书会有销路的。
    4. 主语+动词+宾语
    该句型中动词为完全及物动词。由于这类动词后面只跟一个宾语，因此又被叫做单宾语及物动词。英语字母代号为SVO(O=Direct object)。例如：
    ⑴Her sad story moved in． 
    她的悲惨故事使我们感动。
    ⑵The bus seats thirty． 
    这辆公共汽车能坐30人。
    ⑶Walls have ears． 
    隔墙有耳。
    ⑷They fought a long figh[． 
    他们战斗了很长时间。
    ⑸He died a miserable death．
    他死得很惨。
     ⑹I remember seeing this kind of butterfly once．
       我记得曾经见过这种蝴蝶。
     ⑺Billy knows how to fix the air conditioner．
     ⑻She has been looking for her lost watch。
       她一直在寻找丢失的手表。
     ⑼I won’t  put up with  such  nonsense．
       对于这种胡说八道我会受不了的。
     ⑼The board is looking into the recent complaints．
       董事会正对最近的投诉展开调查。
     上述例子表明，宾语可以是名词短语、代词、非谓语动词等。
    5. 主语+动词+宾语+宾语补足语
    宾语补足语可以由名词、名词短语、形容词、形容词短语、非谓语动词等担任。英语字母代号为SVOOc。(Oc=Object Complement)。例如：
        ⑴We have proved him wrong。 
          我们已证明他错了。
        ⑵I believed the man to be innocent． 
          我相信那人是无辜的。
        ⑶No one thought that invention of any practical use.
          当时没有人认为那项发明有任何实用价值。
        ⑷I’d like you to direct me to the bank． 
          我想让你指明我去银行的路。
        ⑸I think him crazy。 
          我认为他疯了。
        ⑹I saw an eagle flylng． 
          我看到一只老鹰在飞。
        ⑺He had his left arm bandaged． 
          他的左臂已经包扎好了。
        ⑻I find it difficult to learn Russian． 
          我发现俄语难学。
        ⑼Father taught me how to fish. 
          父亲教我如何钓鱼。
        ⑽I found him in trouble． 
          我发现他处境困难。
    ⑾He imagined himself on the point of death．
    他想象自己处于死亡的那一瞬间。
        ⑿He didn't want me in danger． 
          他不想让我身处险境。
        ⒀He declared her the winner． 
          他宣布她是获胜者。
        ⒁I prefer George his normal self． 
          我更喜欢正常状态下的乔治。
        ⒂I did not find them their usual selves． 
          我发现他们与平常不一样。
        ⒃They let us off． 
          他们让我们走了。
    6. 主语+动词+宾语+状语
        在这个句型中，状语是必不可少的。英语字母代号为SVOA。例如：
        ⑴He put the vase on the table．
          他把花瓶放到桌子上。(不可说: He put the vase．)
        ⑵They treated him kindly．
          他们对他很好。(不可说：They treated him．)
        ⑶Jim brought his suitcase upstairs．
          吉姆把箱子扛到了楼上。(不可说：Jim brought his suitcase．)
        ⑷He set the pot on the fire．
          他把壶放到了火上。(不可说：He set the pot．)
        ⑸She stood the ladder against the wall．
          她把梯子靠到墙上。(不可说：She stood the ladder．)
        ⑹We must lay emphasis on investigation．
          我们必须重视调查研究。(不可说：We must lay emphasis．)
        又如：
        ⑺Tom took Mary to the station．
          汤姆把玛丽送到了车站。
        ⑻Dick had his《BIble》out and was praying volubly．
          迪克取出《圣经》出声地祈祷。   
    7. 主语+动词+间接宾语+直接宾语
        该句型的动词为完全及物动词，有直接宾语和间接宾语。英语字母代号为SVOdOi。例如：
        ⑴I’ll give you another chance． 
          我将再给你一次机会。
        ⑵He told her a story． 
          他给她讲了一个故事。
        ⑶She sent me a parcel． 
          她给我寄来一个包裹。
        ⑷John promised me to lend his car. 
          约翰答应把他的汽车借给我用。
        ⑸I asked Mr Wang a few questions． 
          我问了王先生几个问题。
        ⑹He will show us where to put the computers．
          他将给我们看放计算机的地方。
        ⑺They asked him where he came from． 
          他们向他问了他的籍贯。
        ⑻I played Sam a chess． 
          我和山姆下了一盘棋。
        ⑼She gave me a push． 
          她推了我一下。
        ⑽She knitted me a sweater． 
          她给我织了一件毛衣。
        上述例句表明，担任直接宾语的语法单位可以是名词短语、非谓语动词、分句等。下面的句子也属于这个句型：
        ⑾She charged me twenty dollars． 
          她向我索价20美元。
        ⑿I bet him a large sum that the horse would win．
          我跟他打赌说那匹马将赢。
        ⒀They ascribed the mistake to my inexperience．
          他们把错误归咎于我没有经验。
        ⒁They spoke to me about the problem． 
          他们向我谈了这个问题。
        ⒂She blamed me for the failure． 
          这次失败她怪罪我。
        ⒃They provided her with everything she needed．
          他们为她提供了她所需要的一切。
        此外，英语中还有一种罕见的句型，即：主语+动词+直接宾语+主语补足语。例如：
        ⒄He made her a good husband． 
          他成了她的好丈夫。
        ⒅She will make him a good wife． 
          她将会成为他的好妻子的。
    8. there be存在句
    there be存在句的主语前，可以带定冠词、物主代词、指示代词等限定词表示特指。这时的主语一般都“传递了新信息”，其主要表现为：用于举出特定事例、给出特定理由或指特定类型
      ⑴Young people are taking radio courses in foreign langnages．There is the boy next-door，for example．
        很多年轻人正在学外语广播课程，例如隔壁的那男孩就是一个。
      ⑵There are a few things that disturb me．First of all，there is the unbelievable amount and variety of luggage that passengers bring on as cabin language．．．. 
        有一些事情使我感到不愉快。首先是乘客带的随身行李之多之杂令人不敢……
      ⑶We are all booked up. There's yesterday's accident still to be investigating，and the hold-up that just got reported．No time for anything．
        我们都忙得不可开交。昨天的事故仍需调查，抢劫案却又报上
        来了，根本没有时间干其他事。
      ⑷I’d like to go with you，but there's all this work to do! And there's my mother-in-law who's got to be taken to the airport．
        我倒想跟你一起去，可是有这些工作等着我去做，还要把我的岳母送到机场。
      ⑸Mr Xu said there was no longer the variety of play in China as in his days．
        许先生说中国已不再有他那个时代的那种(乒乓球)打法了。
      ⑹There is the psychological novel；but the example of George Meredith has shown that it has no chance of ever becoming popular．
        有的心理小说值得注意，乔治·梅雷迪思的实例说明它没有受大众欢迎的可能。
      ⑺There was the political situation to be considered．
        有需要考虑的政治形势问题。
    注：
    1) there be存在句的谓语动词有时可以是seem to be，happen to be，be likely to be，be bound to be，be certain to be，be sure to be等
    ⑴There happened to be nobody in the room．
    恰好那时候房间里没有人。
    ⑵There are bound to be obstacles for us to get over．
    一定会有些障碍需要我们克服。
    ⑶There are likely to be more difficulties than you were prepared for．
    很可能碰到的困难会比你预计的多。
    ⑷There doesn't seem to be much hope of our beating that team．
    我们打赢那个队的希望似乎不大。
    2) there be存在句的谓语可以用某些不及物动词在正式文体中，特别是文学文体中，there be存在句的谓语动词有时也可以是live，come，enter，stand，occur，lie，appear，belong，exist，flash，follow, happen，reach，remain，ride，rise，shine等不及物动词。例如：
    ⑴Once there lived an old fisherman in a village by the sea．
    从前海边的一个村子里住着一位老渔夫。
    ⑵Then there came a knock at the door． 
    接着听到敲门声。
    ⑶There suddenly rushed into the room a group of small children．
    突然有一群小孩子涌进房里来。
    ⑷There stands at the centre of the square the Monument to the People's Heroes.
    ⑸There belongs to the history of fifteenth century English literature a very pretty story not to be found in literary text book．
    15世纪英国文学中有一篇很美的故事，在文学教科书中是找不到的。
    3) there be存在句中可以用情态动词，表示“可能有”、“一定有”等意义。
    ⑴There may be another downpour tonight． 
    今晚可能又有大雨。
    ⑵There must be something wrong． 
    一定有什么毛病了。
    ⑶How can there be such a thing? 
    怎么会有这样的事?
    ⑷Mustn't there be another reason for his behaviour?
    他的这种品行难道还得有另外一个理由吗?
    4) there be存在句中也可用be going to，be to，have to，used to, ought to等。
    ⑴There's going to be a storm． 
    将要下暴风雨。
    ⑵There's to be an investigation． 
    要进行调查。
    ⑶There has to be a mistake． 
    一定有误解。
    ⑷There used to be a cinema here before the war．
    战前这里曾有一座电影院。
    ⑸Used there to be a hotel on that corner?
    在那个角落，过去有一家旅馆。
    ⑹There ought to be some instructions on the lid，if I'm not mistaken，
    我要是没有弄错的话，盖子上应该有用法。
    5) there be存在句有各种不同的时态。
    ⑴There have occurred many great changes in my hometown since 1978.
    1978年以来，我的家乡发生了许多大变化。
    ⑵There was a report on current affairs yesterday afternoon．
    昨天下午有个时事报告。
    ⑶There will be an Englis hevening in the institute this coming Saturday
    本星期六学院里将举办英语晚会。
    ⑷There doesn't seem to have been any difficulty over the money question.
    钱的问题，好像没有什么困难。
    ⑸Hence there has arisen the agrarian queshon． 
    因此土地问题出现了。
    ⑹Where had been two or three sea fights between them?
    他们之间到底在哪儿发生了两三次海战?
    6) there be+名词词组+定语从句
    there be存在句与某些基本句型有着相应的转换关系。试比较：
    ⑴There is a thennostat that controls the temperature．
    =A thermostat controls the temperature．
    有控制温度的恒温器。
    ⑵There must be very few cities that are not threatened by pollution．
    =Very few cities are not threatened by pollution．
    很少有城市不受污染威胁。
    ⑶There is a place where we always camp.
    我们总有一个野营的地方。
    ⑷There is a good book on statistics that Tom should read．
    =Tom should read a good book on statistics.
    ⑸There's a man at the door (who)wants to speak to you．
        门口有一个人想对你讲话。
      ⑹There's a flash of lightning (that) killed the tree．
        有一道闪电击断了那棵树。
      ⑺There's something (that) keeps upsetting him．
        有什么事情不断烦扰着他。
    7) there be+名词短语+不定式
      there be句型中的不定式结构有时可以代替相应的定语从句。
      ⑴There is work to employ thousands of people．
      =There is work that could employ thousands of people．
       有需要雇用成千上万人工作。
      ⑵There are always new things to be discovered．
        总是需要发现新事物。
      ⑶There's a man to show you round the castle．
        有一个人领着你参观城堡。
      ⑷There's plenty of work to do． 
        有许多工作要做。
      ⑸There's nothing to be ashamed of． 
      没有什么可感到羞愧的。
    8) there be+名词词组+现在分词或过去分词
       ⑴There is a car waiting outside． 
         外面有一辆小车等着。
      ⑵There's a taxi coming round the comer． 
        角落上开过来一辆出租车。
      ⑶There is a man sitting on that fence． 
        篱笆上坐着一个人。
      ⑷There was a ship sunk last night． 
        昨天晚上有一艘轮船沉没了。
      ⑸There’ll still be some shops left open． 
    还会有些商店没关门。
    9) There be no + 名词+in+V-ing：该句型中的名词多表示“利弊”、“用途”的抽象名词或“价值”、“意义”的抽象名词。
       ⑴There is no good in going.
       ⑵There is no harm in doing that.
       ⑶There is no use in waiting here.
    10) there is no+ing…
        此句型中的-ing多为表示“转述”或“认知”等意义的动词变来。例如：
        ⑴There is no telling when he will return． 
          说不清他什么时候返回。
        ⑵There is no knowing when we shall meet again．
          不知何时我们能再相会。
        ⑶There is no holding back the wheel of history．
          历史的车轮不能倒转。
    11) there is no+动作名词
        此句型的含义相当于It's impossible／unnecessary to do sth．
        ⑴There is no hurry about it． 
          没有必要这么着急。
        ⑵There is no doubt at all about it. 
          毋庸置疑。
    11) 非限定there be存在句及其句法功能
        there be存在句的谓语动词也可采取非限定形式，即there to be或there being形式，这就是非限定there be存在句，其句法功能如下：
    ①非限定there being作主语
      ⑴There being a bus stop so near the house is a great advantage.
        离家这么近就有一个公共汽车站是非常方便的。
      ⑵There not being an index to his book is a disadvantage．
        这本书没有索引是一个缺点。
    ※there to be+名词词组作主语时，通常用for作引导词。例如：
      ⑶For there to be so few people in the streets was unusual.
        街上人烟稀少真是不寻常。  
    ⑷For there to be a mistake in a computer's arithmetic is impossible.
    ※这种结构作主语时，多用形式主语it引导，而将非限定there be结构后置。例如：
      ⑸It was too late for there to be any buses．
        太晚了不会有公共汽车了。   
      ⑹It was unusual for there to be no late comers．  
    没有后来者是不平常的。
    ⑺It would be surprising for there not to be any obiections．
    没有任何反对意见，真是令人吃惊。
    ②非限定there be存在句作宾语
    ⑴We expect there to be no argument． 
    我们希望不要有争论。
    ⑵I want there to be no mistake about this．
    就此事，我不想有任何差错。
    ⑶We wouldn't like there to be another war，would you?
    你不愿意再有一次战争吧，对吗?
    ⑷Bill intended there to be a meeting afterwards．
    比尔有意在后来开一次会。
    ⑸Housewives hate there to be queues everywhere．
      家庭主妇厌恶到处排队。
    ③非限定there be存在句作介词宾语
    ▲如果介词是for，则用there to be(不定式)形式。例如：
    ⑴The secretary arranged for there to be another interview．
    秘书安排了另一次会面。
    ⑵They planned for there to be a family reunion．
    他们计划全家团圆一次。
    ⑶He was waiting for there to be complete silence．
    他正在等待完全静下来。
    ⑷Jim asked for there to be give-and-take on both sides．
    Jim要求双方要公平交换。
    ▲如果介词不是for， 则用there being。例如：
    ⑸Bill was relying on there being another opportunity．
    比尔依靠再一次机会。
    ⑹We were annoyed at there being so much time wasted．
    我们因为有那么多时间被浪费而烦恼。
    ⑺There is now some hope of there being a settlement of the dispute．
    现在有解决争端的希望。
    ⑻He asked about there being another meeting．
    他问能否再开一次会。
    ⑼Mary did not agree about there being no need for mothers to go out to work． 
    玛丽不同意母亲不需要外出工作的观点。
    She did not like the idea of there being nobody to talk to．
    她不喜欢没有谈话对象的想法。
    Were you disappointed at there not having been more applause?
    掌声不多是不是令你失望?
    We were surprised at there being such a large deputation to meet us．
    有这么庞大的代表团来迎接我们，我们感到很吃惊。  
    We have no obiection to there being a meeting here，so long as it is peaceful． 
    因为很安宁，我们对在这儿开会没有异议。   
    ④非限定there be存在句作状语(现在分词)
    ⑴There being no further business，the chairman closed the meeting at 12．30． 
    由于再没有什么事情可议，主席在十二点半闭会。
    ⑵There having been no rain for a long time，the ground was burnt black by the sun． 
    很长一段时间没有下雨，地面被太阳烤黑了。
    ⑶There being nothing else to do，we went home．
    再没有什么事情可做，我们就回了家。
    注：上述用法只见于正式文体。在一般情况下通常说：
    ⑴As there was no further business，the chairman closed the meeting at 12．30．
    再没有议题，主席在12：30就结束了会议。
    ⑵As there had been no rain for a long time，the ground was burnt black by the sun.
    ⑶As there was nothing else to do，we went home．
    既然没有别的事情可做，我们就回家了。
    12) there be存在句与其他句型的转换关系
    因为在there be存在句中作真正主语的名词多为泛指，所以there be存 在句与某些以带有泛指意义的名词词组作主语的其他句型之间有转换关系。例如：
      ⑴Some specialist will be present at the meeting.
      →There will be some specialists present at the meeting.
        有几位专家将出席会议。
      ⑵Some good news has been keeping her in high spirits．
       →There has been some good news keeping her in high spirits．
       一些好消息使她情绪高涨。
      ⑶Three accidents have occurred at this crossroads this week．
     →There have been three accidents at this crossroads this week.
    13) there be存在句可作定语从句
      He has made a list of all the papers (that) there are on his subject.
      Such wind as there was came up the river.
      当时起的这种风沿江刮了上来。
      You’ve seen all (that) there is to see.
      所有要看的你已经看见了。
      This is the only one (that) there is.
      这是仅有的一个。
    9. it引起的句子


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